Introduction The battery is the heart of an electric vehicle, and its performance strongly depends on temperature. Excessive heat can reduce battery life and affect safety, while very low temperatures can reduce power output and charging performance. EV Battery Thermal Management is therefore essential for maintaining battery temperature within a suitable operating range. It improves battery efficiency, durability, charging performance, and overall vehicle reliability. Why Battery Thermal Management is Important During charging, discharging, and high-power operation, lithium-ion batteries generate heat. If this heat is not controlled properly, it can lead to: Reduced battery efficiency Faster battery degradation Uneven cell temperatures Reduced driving range Slower charging capability Safety concerns Thermal runaway under severe fault conditions An effective Battery Thermal Management System, or BTMS , removes excess heat and also provides heating when the battery operates in cold env...