Introduction Learning medicine is not only about reading books and attending lectures. Medical students and healthcare professionals also need practical training. They need to learn how to perform procedures correctly, safely, and confidently. But allowing a beginner to practice every procedure directly on a real patient is not always possible. A student may make mistakes while learning, and some procedures require a high level of skill. To solve this problem, healthcare education uses medical mannequins. A medical mannequin is a human-like model used to practice medical procedures. It provides a safe environment where students can learn, repeat procedures, and correct their mistakes. Mannequins are used for CPR, airway management, nursing procedures, childbirth training, emergency care, and many other applications. In the past, medical mannequins were mostly simple physical models. Today, biomedical engineering has changed them into more advanced patient simulators. Modern systems can...
ABSTRACT A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for Smart Farm Management integrates multiple wireless sensor nodes across agricultural fields to monitor and manage environmental conditions in real time. These nodes measure essential parameters such as soil moisture, temperature, humidity and light intensity, transmitting data wirelessly to a central control unit or cloud server. The collected data are analyzed to provide actionable insights that support decision-making for irrigation, fertilization and crop protection. Using communication technologies such as ZigBee, LoRa or Wi-Fi the system ensures reliable long-range data transmission with low power consumption. The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) features enables farmers to remotely access data and control operations using mobile or web interfaces. This system enhances productivity, reduces human intervention and conserves vital resources like water and energy. Furthermore, automated control mechanisms-such as smart irrigati...