ABSTRACT
Oyster mushrooms classified under the Pleurotus species are renowned for their role as primary decomposers and their ability to grow on a variety of substrates. Their effectiveness in biotechnological applications is highlighted by their use in recycling lignocellulosic organic waste. In India, tea is one of the most popular beverages and the market for tea products is growing rapidly. Tea waste which consists of cellulose (28–30%), hemicellulose (10–20%), and lignin (28–30%), offers a unique substrate for mushroom cultivation. This composition contrasts with that of other common mushroom-growing substrates like rice straw and sawdust. Rice straw contains cellulose (32–39%), hemicellulose (23–24%) and lignin (18–36%) while hardwood sawdust includes cellulose (40–55%), hemicellulose (24–40%) and lignin (18–25%).The DHT-22, also known as the AM2302, is a digital-output sensor that measures relative humidity and temperature. It utilizes a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to detect environmental conditions and provides a digital signal on the data pin.
1. INTRODUCTION .
Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus species) is commercially important in the world mushroom market and several species are grown commercially on a large and small scale in many countries. Pleurotus species are preeminent wood decomposers and grow on a wide array of forest and agricultural wastes than species from any other group. They thrive on almost all hardwoods, on wood by-products (sawdust, paper, pulp sludge) all the cereal straws, corn and corn cobs on
sugar cane bagasse, coffee residues (coffee grounds, hulls, stalks, and leaves), banana fronds, cottonseed hulls, agave waste, soy pulp and on other materials too numerous to mention and difficult to imagine. Several species are also capable of acting as parasites of living trees and attacking nematodes or bacterial colonies. Mushrooms have long been valued as tasty and nutritional foods, by different societies worldwide.
Aditya huge volumes of organic matter are produced on earth via photosynthesis and their disposal is a serious threat to the environment and public health all over the world. Nevertheless, these agricultural wastes possess a chemical composition conducive to mushroom cultivation. Lignocellulosic wastes, comprising cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, offer vital nutrients for mushroom growth. Oyster mushrooms are well known for their unique ability to degrade lignocellulosic materials, making them valuable contributors to the process of organic waste decomposition and nutrient cycling in ecosystems.
KhomdramBijoya Devi studied the global annual generation of lignocellulosic wastes is in the order of 140 gigatons and presents significant management problems. They are generally burnt or left as garbage leading to air pollution and deterioration of soil and water quality. Value addition of these wastes using cost-effective techniques would lead to better utilization of these wastes. The bioconversion of lignocellulosic wastes through mushroom cultivation offers an ecologically sound alternative to convert these wastes into protein-rich foods and thus reduce pollution.
Deepesh Prakash Guragain investigated a low-cost centralized IoT ecosystem for addressing the aforementioned issues. The ecosystem provides real-time monitoring and automation of mushroom farmhouses, agro-eCom for convenient trade, agronomist advisory support, and disease detection with recommendations for early disease diagnosis and remedy. A small farmhouse with two rooms was built to validate the system's performance. The favorable climatic condition was maintained for oyster mushroom cultivation in the controlled room, whereas the traditional method was followed in the ordinary room. The mushroom was cultivated for three consecutive seasons throughout the year in both rooms.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The functional requirements for oyster mushroom cultivation using tea waste with IoT monitoring encompass several key aspects. Firstly, the cultivation setup needs to include suitable containers for growing mushrooms, with proper drainage and ventilation. Tea waste must be adequately prepared as a substrate, ensuring optimal moisture and nutrient levels. IoT sensors should be deployed to monitor environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity. Furthermore, integration with irrigation systems and environmental control mechanisms ensures timely adjustments to maintain optimal conditions for oyster mushroom growth. Overall, these functional requirements enable efficient cultivation of oyster mushrooms using tea waste, supported by comprehensive IoT monitoring for enhanced productivity and yield quality.
Monitoring oyster mushroom cultivation using IoT (Internet of Things) technology provides a cutting-edge method for optimizing growth conditions. This approach involves integrating various sensors into the cultivation environment to maintain ideal conditions: 80% humidity and 25°C temperature.
The system begins with the installation of sensors, such as the DHT22, which measure humidity and temperature continuously. These sensors, utilizing capacitive or resistive elements, detect changes in air moisture and temperature. Data from these sensors is regularly transmitted to a central IoT hub. Algorithms within the system compare the sensor readings to the predefined thresholds—80% humidity and 25°C temperature. If the readings deviate from these set points, the system responds by activating necessary controls, such as turning on a servo motor.
In addition to basic monitoring, the IoT system offers advanced functionalities. For instance, if the humidity falls below the desired level, the system can activate a pump to increase moisture using a sponge and fan combination. Similarly, if the temperature exceeds the optimal range, the system can trigger ventilation or cooling mechanisms to bring it back within range.
3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
A 20-liter bucket serves as an ideal container for fabricating an oyster mushroom grow space. With its ample volume, the bucket provides sufficient room for substrate and mushroom growth. Ventilation holes drilled along the sides
ensure proper airflow, essential for healthy mycelium development.
A 20-liter bucket can be divided into two sections by placing a plastic sheet with holes, creating an effective oyster mushroom grow container as shown figure 1. This division allows for separate chambers, facilitating the growing of multiple mushroom in the holes and placing the mixture of tea waste,paddy straw simultaneously. The plastic sheet with strategically placed holes provides ideal conditions for mushroom growth.
The sensor was connected through the controller and ventilation fan, pump are connected to controller as shown in figure 2. It will provide efficient monitoring to the humidity and temperature.
Figure.2 Circuit connection
4. TESTING
4.1 Functional testing
Functional testing of an oyster mushroom growing monitoring system via IoT involves validating temperature, humidityand water level monitoring functionalities. Test cases ensure accurate data collection, timely alerts, and appropriate responses to environmental changes. Performance testing assesses system responsiveness under varying loads.Integration testing confirms seamless operation of sensors and actuators. Regression testing guarantees system stability post-updates. User acceptance testing validates usability. Thorough documentation tracks test outcomes and resolutions..
4.2 Integration testing
Integration testing for an oyster mushroom growing monitoring system with IoT ensures seamless communication and functionality among sensors, actuators, and the monitoring application. Tests verify data transmission accuracy and responsiveness of actuators to sensor inputs. Documentation logs integration test results and any identified issues for resolution.
4.3 Performance Testing
Performance testing of an oyster mushroom monitoring system with IoT involves assessing response time, scalability, reliability, and resource utilization. Load and stress testing determine system limits and scalability, while reliability testing ensures robustness against failures. Endurance testing evaluates stability over time. Optimization based on findings enhances system efficiency. Documentation and reporting summarize results for stakeholders.
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Growing oyster mushrooms with tea waste and monitoring them with IoT presents an innovative approach to sustainable agriculture. Tea waste, rich in nutrients, serves as an excellent substrate for mushroom cultivation, reducing waste and promoting eco-friendly. The integration of IoT enables real-time monitoring of crucial growth parameters such as temperature, humidity, and pH levels, ensuring optimal conditions for mushroom growth.
This method not only utilizes organic waste effectively but also minimizes
the reliance on traditional farming practices, which often involve chemical inputs and contribute to environmental degradation. By harnessing IoT technology, growers can remotely track and adjust environmental conditions, maximizing yield and quality while minimizing resource consumption.
The combination of tea waste and oyster mushrooms offers a potential solution to food insecurity, particularly in areas with limited arable land or resources. Oyster mushrooms are nutritious and versatile, providing a valuable source of protein and other essential nutrients.
The integration of tea waste, oyster mushroom cultivation, and IoT monitoring represents a promising avenue for sustainable agriculture, addressing both environmental and food security challenges while leveraging technology for efficient and optimized production.
REFRENCES
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Author Bios :
P.Dineshkumar - Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Engineering.
V.Gopinath - Professor, Department of Agricultural Engineering.
X. Dharunfranclin - UG Students, Department of Agricultural Engineering.
B. Navaneetha - UG Students, Department of Agricultural Engineering.
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